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1.
Diversitas perspectiv. psicol ; 16(2): 387-397, jul.-dic. 2020. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1375299

ABSTRACT

Resumen Diferentes investigaciones han evidenciado que el tratamiento con vareniclina es efectivo para dejar de fumar cuando se combina con un tratamiento psicológico. Sin embargo, existe una carencia de estudios respecto a cuánta efectividad aporta la vareniclina al tratamiento psicológico. El objetivo del presente estudio piloto fue evaluar si la efectividad de una intervención psicológica cognitivo-conductual incrementa con la inclusión de la vareniclina. La muestra de este estudio la conformaron 22 fumadores (M edad = 30.5; de = 15.4 años), con un consumo diario promedio de 12.29 (de = 5.7) cigarrillos. Cada participante eligió una de dos intervenciones: 11 fumadores recibieron la Intervención Breve Motivacional para Dejar de Fumar (ibmdf) y 11 la misma intervención más vareniclina. Los resultados indican que no hay diferencias significativas entre las intervenciones. Así, la inclusión de la vareniclina no incrementó la efectividad de la intervención psicológica. Las conclusiones de este estudio deben ser tomadas con cautela debido al tamaño de la muestra, por lo tanto, es necesario aumentar las investigaciones al respecto.


Abstract Different studies have shown that treatment with varenicline is effective for smoking cessation when it is combined with psychological treatment. However, there are few studies on the effectiveness that varenicline adds to psychological treatment. The aim of this pilot study was to assess if the effectiveness of a cognitive behavioral intervention increases with the inclusion of varenicline. The sample of this study were 22 smokers (M age = 39.5, SD = 15.4 years), with an average daily consumption of 12.29 cigarettes (SD = 5.7). Each participant chose one of the two interventions: 11 smokers received the Motivational Smoking Cessation Brief Intervention (mscbm) and 11 the same intervention plus varenicline. The results showed no significant differences between interventions. Thus, the inclusion of varenicline did not increase the effectiveness of psychological intervention. The findings of this study should be taken with caution due to the sample size. More research is therefore needed.

2.
Rev. bras. farmacogn ; 27(4): 434-439, July-Aug. 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-898695

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT High performance liquid chromatography profiling with mass spectrometry detection was applicable to identify known and novel multidrug-resistance glycolipid inhibitors from the complex resin glycosides mixture of Ipomoea alba L., Convolvulaceae, seeds. Albinosides X and XI were purified by recycling liquid chromatography and their structural elucidation was accomplished by nuclear magnetic resonance. Albinoside XI exerted a strong potentiation of vinblastine susceptibility in multidrug-resistant human breast carcinoma cells.

3.
Acta colomb. psicol ; 17(2): 23-31, jul.-dic. 2014. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-729416

ABSTRACT

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) participates in cognitive functions and stress regulation. Noradrenaline (NA) and serotonin (5-HT) levels in some regions of the central nervous system are modified by acute stress. The effects depend on the type of stressor and the time elapsed between the presence of the stressor and the assessment. The aims of the present study were to assess the acute effect of different stressors on NA and 5-HT activities in the PFC and its relation with corticosterone levels. Independent groups of male Wistar rats (250-280 g) were submitted to restraint, footshock or training in the elevated T-maze (ETMT). The animals were sacrificed immediately (T0) or one hour (T1) after stress exposure. An untreated group sacrificed concurrently with treated animals was included as control. Samples of the PFC were dissected and the concentration of NA, 5-HT and their metabolites were measured by HPLC. Corticosterone levels were measured in serum. None of the treatments modified NA levels in the PFC. Animals exposed to footshock or ETMT showed significantly higher concentrations of 5-HT at T0. Restraint and footshock treatments were associated with higher corticosterone levels at T0 and T1 after the respective treatment. Taken together the results show that in the PFC, the noradrenergic and serotonergic systems, and the corticosterone levels respond in different ways to different stressors.


La corteza prefrontal (CPF) participa en las funciones cognitivas y la regulación del estrés. Las concentraciones de noradrenalina (NA) y serotonina (5-HT) en algunas regiones en el sistema nervioso central son modificadas por el estrés agudo. El efecto depende del estresor y del tiempo que transcurra entre el estresor y la evaluación. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto agudo de diferentes estresores en la actividad de la NA y 5-HT en la CPF y su relación con los niveles de corticosterona. Grupos independientes de ratas (250-270 g) fueron sometidos a restricción, choque o entrenamiento en el laberinto elevado en T (ELET). Los animales fueron sacrificados inmediatamente (T0) o una hora (T1) después de la exposición al estrés. Un grupo no tratado, sacrificado al mismo tiempo que los animales tratados, se incluyó como control. Las muestras de la CPF fueron disecadas y la concentración de NA, 5-HT y sus metabolitos fue detectada por la técnica de HPLC. Las concentraciones de corticosterona fueron medidas en el suero. Ninguno de los tratamientos modificó las concentraciones de NA en la CPF. Al T0 los animales expuestos a choque o al ELET mostraron concentraciones de 5-HT significativamente mayores que el control. Los tratamientos de restricción y choque estuvieron asociados con altas concentraciones de corticosterona al T0 y a T1 después del tratamiento respectivo. En conjunto, los resultados mostraron que en la CPF los sistemas noradrenérgico y serotonérgico y la concentración de corticosterona responden en forma diferente a los distintos estresores.


O córtex pré-frontal (CPF) participa nas funções cognitivas e na regulação do estresse. As concentrações de noradrenalina (NA) e serotonina (5-HT) em algumas regiões do sistema nervoso central são modificadas pelo estresse agudo. O efeito depende do estressor e do tempo que transcorra entre o estressor e a avaliação. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito agudo de diferentes estressores na atividade da NA e 5-HT no PFC e sua relação com os níveis de corticosterona. Grupos independentes de ratos (250-270 g) foram submetidos a restrição, choque ou treinamento no labirinto elevado em T (ELET). Os animais foram sacrificados imediatamente (T0) ou uma hora (T1) depois da exposição ao estresse. Um grupo não tratado, sacrificado ao mesmo tempo que os animais tratados, incluiu-se como controle. As mostras do PFC foram dissecadas e a concentração de NA, 5-HT e seus metabolitos foi detectada pela técnica de HPLC. As concentrações de corticosterona foram medidas no soro. Nenhum dos tratamentos modificou as concentrações de NA no PFC. Em T0 os animais expostos a choque o ao ELET mostraram concentrações de 5-HT significativamente maiores que o controle. Os tratamentos de restrição e choque estiveram associados com altas concentrações de corticosterona em T0 e em T1 depois do tratamento respectivo. Em conjunto, os resultados mostraram que no PFC os sistemas noradrenérgico e serotonérgico e a concentração de corticosterona respondem de maneira diferente aos diferentes estressores.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Stress, Psychological , Corticosterone , Serotonin , Norepinephrine , Prefrontal Cortex
4.
Diversitas perspectiv. psicol ; 5(1): 65-75, jun. 2009. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-635503

ABSTRACT

El conocimiento de las situaciones relacionadas con dejar de fumar y la abstinencia prolongada permite que se puedan llevar a cabo tratamientos específicos que eviten las recaídas y mantengan la efectividad del tratamiento a largo plazo. A pesar de su importancia, no existe una escala que permita identificar las situaciones asociadas al consumo. En esta investigación se presenta las propiedades psicométricas del Inventario Situacional para Consumidores de Tabaco (ISCT) que se construye a partir de un estudio inicial con grupos focales y un análisis de expertos; está constituido por 46 ítems que se aplican a una muestra de 342 sujetos. Los resultados mostraron que el banco de ítems tiene una fiabilidad alta (a= 0,96). Se presentan los índices clásicos y se realiza un análisis con la Teoría de la Respuesta al Ítem, y el modelo demuestra un ajuste adecuado (X²= 749,539, gl=709, p=0,141). Adicionalmente, se realizó un análisis de validez concurrente con los resultados del Cuestionario de Fagerström para la Dependencia a la nicotina en el que se muestra, a partir de un análisis de regresión, que el nivel de dependencia explica un porcentaje amplio de la varianza del ISCT (R²= 43.8). Por lo tanto, se considera que el inventario permite dirigir a los especialistas en la planeación de un tratamiento específico a las situaciones de consumo de cada individuo.


Knowledge of the situations related to smoking withdrawal and / or prolonged abstinence, makes possible the development of specific treatments in order to prevent relapse and to maintain the effectiveness of long-term treatments. Despite its importance, an instrument that identifies the situations related to consumption does not yet exist. Therefore, this paper presents the psychometric properties of the Situational Inventory for Tobacco Consumers (ISTC) that was constructed from an initial study with focus groups and expert analysis. The instrument consists of 46 items that were applied to a sample of 342 people. The results showed that the item bank has a high reliability (a= 0,96). We present the classic indexes along with the analysis based on an item response theory model, where the inventory showed an appropriate fit (X²= 749,539, df = 709, p = 0,141). Aditionally, evidence for the concurrent validity of the proposed test was obtained through a regression analysis where the scores from the Test for Nicotine Dependence were able to explain a large amount of the ISCT score variance (R²= 43.8). It is therefore considered that this inventory is able to guide the specialists in the planning of specific treatments catered to the consumption situations of each individual.

5.
Salud ment ; 32(1): 35-41, Jan.-Feb. 2009. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-632687

ABSTRACT

Tobacco consumption is a world-wide public health problem that has been associated with different types of cancer, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, alterations in the reproductive system, dental problems and some eye diseases. In Mexico the National Survey of Addictions (2002) reported that 26.4% of the urban population between 12 and 65 years and 14.3% of the rural population are smokers. The Secretary of Health indicated that more than 53000 people died from diseases related to tobacco consumption. The consumption of tobacco stands among the ten first causes of morbidity and mortality in Mexico. In this sense, smoking is considered as one of the main public health problems in Mexico. Several organisms and institutions have undertaken actions in an attempt to solve it, such as the development of educative programs directed to the general population and programs to help smokers to quit this habit. Some of the main strategies to reduce cigarette consumption include nicotine replacement therapy, therapy not based on nicotine (antidepressants, some opiate antagonists and anxiolytic drugs), psychological programs, and the combination of some of them. Regarding psychological treatments, behavioral and cognitive behavioral techniques for smoking cessation hold empirical evidence about their efficacy for reducing the abuse of substances. In Mexico, psychological, nicotinic and non-nicotinic treatments to stop smoking are used. Nevertheless, the methodological and theoretical grounds of the psychological interventions are not well-established and there are no specific data about the changes in the consumption pattern after the application of the interventions and whether the effects of the treatment stay through the time. Specifically, the information about the efficacy of the brief interventions on smokers in the Mexican population is scarce. Although different studies have demonstrated that the brief motivational interventions are more effective to reduce the abuse of different substances than intensive interventions or no interventions at all, the techniques are not widely used in the treatment of tobacco consumption in Mexican population. With this evidence, the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) developed the Brief Motivational Intervention Program to treat smokers. The Brief Motivational Intervention is based in the Social Cognitive Theory, the Prevention of Relapses Model, in techniques of motivational interview and self-control techniques. Therefore, the goal of the present research is to evaluate a brief motivational intervention program for smokers. In order to achieve this aim, 10 individuals between 19 and 55 years old participated in the program; five individuals showed low nicotine dependence and five severe nicotine dependence according to the Questionnaire of Fagerström Tolerance. There was a public invitation and the participants consent to participate voluntarily in the <

> belonging to the Psychology Department, UNAM. The motivational brief intervention program for smokers consists of six sessions: an admission session, an evaluation session and four treatment sessions of one hour each. All of them were carried out individually based on the following theoretical and methodological components: social cognitive theory, techniques of motivational interview, techniques of self control and prevention of relapses model. The program was evaluated doing a comparison of the consumption pattern during and after the application of the brief intervention, and contrasting the level of self-efficacy before and after the application of the brief intervention. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) of repeated measures showed significant changes in the pattern of consumption (F [2, 18] =53.10,p<0.001), a Bonferroni post hoc test for binary comparisons indicated that the differences were between the baseline and treatment (p<0.001) and baseline and follow-up (p= 0.001). In relation to significant differences in the self-efficacy level, a Wilcoxon test showed differences in the following situations: disagreeable emotions (Z= 2.203, p<0.05), physical discomfort (Z = 2.492, p<0.05), conflict with others (Z= 2.556, p< 0.05) and pleasant moments with others (Z = 2.670, p<0.05). In all the cases, the level of self-efficacy reported in the second application increased as compared to the first. Results found in this research agree with those collected in other countries using brief intervention therapy, but specifically with the ones employed in Mexico with drinkers, users of cocaine and adolescents initiating drug consumption. This program makes special emphasis in the strengthening of self-efficacy and in the prevention of relapses model that maintains the change of the consumption behavior of the user during and after the intervention. However, users learn mainly to conceptualize a relapse as a part of the process to quit smoking and not as a failure or an addictive behavior that they will never be able to change. Carroll indicates that the essential principles of the cognitive behavioral programs for the treatment of addictive behaviors are that they allow for individualized programs and that the goals of the treatment reflect a collaborative process between the user and the therapist. These principles allow the user to stay in the program and motivate him/her to maintain a change in the addictive behavior. The brief intervention for smokers in this study has not only shown excellent effects in users with low dependency, but also with users with severe dependency to nicotine (according to the Questionnaire of Fagerström Tolerance). Even though they did not stop smoking completely, they diminished the consumption pattern and increased the number of days of abstinence. The previous finding is congruent with the assumptions of the harm reduction, which is considered as an alternative associated to a decrement on the real and the potential damage with the use of the drug, more than to trying to stop it. It is important to do a follow-up that shows a long-term maintenance of the behavior for at least 12 months after the treatment. Some biological markers (carbon monoxide in the expired air, levels of cotinine in tinkles or shapes) are also needed that will represent an objective measure that helps to increase the motivation with respect to the initial consumption during and after the intervention and also to verify the pattern of consumption reported by the users. This treatment for smokers it is an effective alternative for its adoption in institutions of health and must be a part of the preventive policies for the treatment of smokers in a national scope because it has an impact in the pattern of cigarette consumption and the associated organic damages.

El consumo de tabaco es un problema de salud pública en el mundo y se le ha asociado con diferentes tipos de cáncer, enfermedades cardiovasculares, enfermedades respiratorias, alteraciones en el sistema reproductivo, problemas dentales, úlcera péptica y algunas enfermedades de los ojos. De acuerdo con la Encuesta Nacional de Adicciones de 2002, en México fuman 26.4% de las personas entre 12 y 65 años de la población urbana y 14.3% de la población rural. En este sentido, la Secretaría de Salud señala que en México fallecen anualmente más de 53 mil personas por enfermedades relacionadas con el consumo de tabaco, lo que lo ubica entre los diez primeros lugares de morbilidad y mortalidad. Entre los tratamientos propuestos para dejar de fumar se identifican las terapias sustitutivas con nicotina, las terapias farmacológicas, los tratamientos psicológicos y combinaciones de ellos. En relación con los tratamientos psicológicos, existe evidencia empírica que muestra la efectividad de las técnicas conductuales y cognitivo-conductuales para dejar de fumar. En México, se emplean tratamientos psicológicos y farmacológicos (nicotínicos y no nicotínicos) en personas que desean dejar de fumar. Sin embargo, en dichas intervenciones no se reportan datos específicos de los cambios en el patrón de consumo después de la aplicación de dichas intervenciones y si éste se mantiene a lo largo del tiempo. Asimismo, se sabe específicamente poco de la efectividad de las intervenciones breves dirigidas a fumadores en la población mexicana. Por lo tanto, en la presente investigación se evalúa un programa de intervención breve motivacional para fumadores que incide en el patrón de consumo de cigarros, en la percepción de la autoeficacia de los usuarios al finalizar la aplicación del programa y en el seguimiento a los seis meses. Para cumplir con el propósito se aplicó el programa de intervención breve motivacional a 10 personas de entre 19 y 55 años de edad que deseaban dejar de fumar. La evaluación del programa se realizó a partir de la comparación del patrón de consumo antes, durante y después de la aplicación de la intervención breve, así como del nivel de autoeficacia antes y después de la aplicación de la intervención breve. Un análisis de varianza (ANOVA) de medidas repetidas mostró cambios significativos en el patrón de consumo entre la línea base, intervención y seguimiento (F[2,18]=53.10, p<0.001). Posteriormente se realizaron comparaciones binarias con el ajuste de Bonferroni, lo cual indicó que las diferencias se ubicaron sólo entre la línea base con respecto al tratamiento (p<0.001) y la línea base con respecto al seguimiento (p<=0.001). En relación con el nivel de autoeficacia se encontraron diferencias significativas antes y después de aplicar la prueba Wilcoxon, y así se obtuvieron diferencias significativas en las siguientes situaciones: emociones desagradables (Z= 2.203, p< 0.05), malestar físico (Z = 2.492, p<0.05), conflictos con otros (Z= 2.556, p<0.05) y momentos agradables con otros (Z= 2.670, p<0.05), en las que incrementó el nivel de autoeficacia reportada en la segunda aplicación con respecto a la primera. Los resultados obtenidos en esta investigación concuerdan con los observados en la aplicación de intervenciones breves en otros países, pero específicamente con los obtenidos en México con bebedores problema, usuarios de cocaína y adolescentes que se inician en el consumo de drogas. El programa de intervención breve motivacional enfatiza el fortalecimiento de la autoeficacia y el modelo de prevención de recaídas, que mantiene el cambio de la conducta de consumo del usuario durante y después de la intervención. El usuario aprende a conceptualizar la recaída como parte de un proceso de cambio y no como un fracaso o un comportamiento adictivo que nunca podrá cambiar. Por lo anterior, el tratamiento para fumadores es una alternativa efectiva para su adopción en instituciones de salud y debe formar parte de las políticas preventivas para el tratamiento de fumadores en el ámbito nacional, ya que tiene un impacto específico en el patrón de consumo de cigarrillos y, en esa medida, en los daños orgánicos asociados a su consumo.

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